REFERENCES
Fig. 2.2 Mean surface level streamline analyses over the Pacific for February (after Sadler, 1975).
Fig. 2.3 Mean surface level streamline analyses over the Pacific for May (after Sadler, 1975).
Fig. 2.4 Mean surface level streamline analyses over the Pacific for August (after Sadler, 1975).
Fig. 2.5 Mean surface level streamline analyses over the Pacific for November (after Sadler, 1975).
Fig. 2.6 Mean surface level streamline analyses over the Indian Ocean for January (after Sadler, 1975).
Fig. 2.7 Mean surface level streamline analyses over the Indian Ocean for April (after Sadler, 1975).
Fig. 2.8 Mean surface level streamline analyses over the Indian Ocean for July (after Sadler, 1975).
Fig. 2.9 Mean surface level streamline analyses over the Indian Ocean for October (after Sadler, 1975).
Fig. 2.10 Mean surface level streamline analyses over the Atlantic for January (after Sadler, 1975).
Fig. 2.11 Mean surface level streamline analyses over the Atlantic for July (after Sadler, 1975).
Fig. 2.12 Mean 200-mb level streamline analyses over the Pacific for January (Sadler, 1975).
Fig. 2.13 Mean 200-mb level streamline analyses over the Atlantic for January (after Sadler, 1975).
Fig. 2.14 Mean 200-mb level streamline analyses over the Pacific for July (after Sadler, 1975).
Fig. 2.15 Mean 200-mb level streamline analyses over the Atlantic for July (after Sadler, 1975).
Fig. 2.16a. The value of vertical-p velocity at 500 hPa for December-February and March-May in 0.00001 hPa per second (or mb/sec). These values are obtained on a 10 degree square grid. These figures are reproduced form Plate 9.2 of Newell (1974).
Fig. 2.16b. Same as Fig. 2.16a but for June-August and September-November.
Fig. 2.17. The latitude (90 deg. north to 90 deg. south) and altitude (0 to 30 km) cross sections of mean zonal wind speed for the four seasons: December-February, March-May, June-August, and September-November. The speed unit is in meter per second. Positive and negative values indicate westerly and easterly zonal winds, respectively. This figure is reproduced from the Fig. 3.13 of Newell (1972).
Fig. 2.18. The latitude (90 deg. north to 90 deg. south) and altitude (0 to 30 km) cross sections of mean mass flux for the four seasons: December-February, March-May, June-August, and September- November. The mass flux unit is in gram per second. The arrows indicate the direction of mass flux. Mass flux in the Northern Hemisphere when upward motion is located at equatorward and downward motion is located at poleward. This figure is reproduced from the Fig. 3.19 of Newell (1972).
Fig. 2.19. The latitude (90 deg. north to 90 deg. south) and altitude (0 to 30 km) cross sections of temperature for the four seasons: December-February, March-May, June-August, and September- November. The temperature unit is in degree C. This figure is reproduced from the Fig. 3.6 of Newell (1972).
Fig. 2.20. The latitude (80 deg. north to 15 deg. south) and altitude (surface to 300-hPa level) cross sections of longitudinally averaged specific humidity for January and July. The specific humidity unit is in gram per kilogram. This figure is reproduced from the Fig. 5.4 of Newell (1972).
Fig. 2.21. The latitude (90 deg. north to 90 deg. south) and altitude (0 to 30 km) cross sections of total radiative heating rate for the four seasons: December-February, March-May, June- August, and September-November. The unit is in degree C per day. The total radiative heating rate is the sum of all contributions from both solar and infrared radiation transfer processes. This figure is reproduced from the Fig. 6.11 of Newell (1974).
Fig. 2.22. Zonal or Walker circulation along the equator. Symbols W, ap, and Tw are heat budget of an atmospheric column (longly per day), planetary albedo (%), and SST anomaly (degree C), respectively. This figure is reproduced from the Fig. 12 of Flohn (1971).
Fig. 2.23. Delineation of the monsoon region. Rectangle encloses the monsoon region. Hatched areas are monsoonal areas according to surface wind criteria. Heavy line marks the northern limits of the region with low frequencies of surface cyclone-anticyclone alternations in summer and winter. This figure is reproduced from the Fig. 1.2 of Ramage (1971).
Fig. 2.24. Time (1950-1978) and height (16-34 km or 100-7 hPa) section of the zonal wind near 9°N with the 15-year average of the monthly means subtracted to remove annual and semiannual cycles. Solid isotachs are placed at intervals of 10 m/s. Shaded areas indicate westerlies (W). Unshaded areas indicate easterlies (E). This figure is reproduced from the Fig. 1 of Coy (1980).
Fig. 2.25. Plan view of an idealized easterly wave model in the Caribbean area. Hatched area indicates main rainfall zone. This figure is reproduced from the Fig. 6.5 of Nieuwolt (1977).
Fig. 2.26. Height (surface to 8 km) and distance (A-B) or time (future 36 to past 36 hours) cross-section along the line A-B in Fig. 2.25, showing the vertical structure of an idealized easterly wave. Vertical exaggeration about 50 times. This figure is reproduced from the Fig. 6.6 of Nieuwolt (1977).
Fig. 2.27. Locations of the trade wind troughs, monsoon troughs, and equatorial buffer zones at the gradient wind level during February, May, August and November (Atkinson and Sadler, 1970).
Fig. 2.28. An idealized equatorial anticyclone model in six stages of development (Fujita et al., 1969).
Fig. 2.29. Composite chart of wind distributions in a Kona storm. Units are miles of wind movement in 24 hours, expressed in terms of deviation from maximum wind speed.
Fig. 2.30. Composite chart of rainfall distributions in a Kona storm. Units are inches per 24 hours, expressed in terms of deviation from maximum rain amount.
Fig. 2.31. Composite kinematic analysis for (A) the near-surface layer (500-900 meters), and (B) the 600-hPa level, showing a well developed mid-tropospheric cyclone over western India during July 1963 (Atkinson, 1971).
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Chapter 2
